Historical context and questions to explore
Summer 1974. Jerusalem and Washington suddenly have new leaders: Yitzhak Rabin, who has replaced Golda Meir, and Gerald Ford, who entered the White House after Nixon resigned over Watergate. Both had to build trust, and fast.
Yitzhak RabinPrime Minister, 1974–1977; earlier Deputy Chief of Staff and ambassador in Washington.What they wanted: To move step by step, through interim agreements, in return for American guarantees and arms.More on Yitzhak Rabin in “People and events” → visited Washington in September 1974 and again in June 1975, between the failed March shuttle and the resumption of talks in the summer. On the table were military aid and the terms of the next agreement with Egypt.
Why it mattered. After the war Israel depended on the United States more than ever: for arms, money and diplomatic backing. The relationship between Rabin and Ford, and between their teams, set how far and how fast things could move.
A question to think about
How do you keep continuity when the prime minister in Jerusalem and the president in Washington change at the same time?
Why it was hard. The “reassessment” of policy towards Israel, which the United States announced after the shuttle failed in March 1975, slowed arms deliveries, and relations went through a tense period. Israel had to persuade without appearing obstructive.
His part: Under Rabin too, Gazit remained Director-General of the Prime Minister’s Office and his political adviser, and sat beside him in the meetings with President Ford in 1974 and 1975.
When Yitzhak RabinPrime Minister, 1974–1977; earlier Deputy Chief of Staff and ambassador in Washington.What they wanted: To move step by step, through interim agreements, in return for American guarantees and arms.More on Yitzhak Rabin in “People and events” → became prime minister, Gazit continued as Director-General of the Prime Minister’s Office. On 10 September 1974 he sat beside Rabin at the meeting with Gerald FordPresident of the United States, 1974–1977.What they wanted: To continue Kissinger’s path: a second interim agreement between Israel and Egypt.More on Gerald Ford in “People and events” → at the White House. The discussion concerned disengagement agreements and Israel’s security needs.
On 11 June 1975 the conversation in the Oval Office lasted two hours. Beside Rabin sat Ambassador Simcha DinitzIsrael’s ambassador in Washington from 1973.What they wanted: American arms and support, during the war and after it.More on Simcha Dinitz in “People and events” →, Gazit and Mordechai ShalevMinister at the Israeli embassy in Washington.More on Mordechai Shalev in “People and events” → of the embassy; across from them were President Ford, Henry KissingerU.S. National Security Adviser and Secretary of State.What they wanted: To push the Soviet Union out of the Middle East and make the United States the only broker, through step-by-step agreements.More on Henry Kissinger in “People and events” →, Joseph SiscoAssistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, the senior State Department official responsible for the region.What they wanted: To advance the American initiatives and bridge the parties’ positions.More on Joseph Sisco in “People and events” → and Brent ScowcroftUS Deputy National Security Adviser in 1973, Henry Kissinger’s deputy in that role; later National Security Adviser.More on Brent Scowcroft in “People and events” →. Ford opened by stating plainly his disappointment over the stalemate in March, and Rabin set out Israel’s case for an interim agreement with Egypt.
When Kissinger asked how many settlements on the Golan Heights would be affected by a withdrawal of even three kilometres, the memorandum records Gazit’s answer: “At least half. About six or seven.” That was his role in the room: supplying the precise figure at the moment a question turned from principle to practice.
Four days later, in New York, as Kissinger laid out the timetable, Gazit asked the practical question: “On the military supply issue, did you say the figures could be decided within three weeks?”
The White House’s ceremonial papers preserved his presence, too. For the state dinner in Rabin’s honour in September 1974, each guest had a place card and a pronunciation guide; his read gah-ZEET. The Naval Photographic Center’s film catalogue lists Gazit among those present on reels from 12 June 1975, which recorded Rabin’s arrival at the White House and the toasts.
The White House photo logs also list him by name. On 12 September 1974 he is among those photographed in the Cabinet Room, and in colour photographs of the meeting by the fireplace in the Oval Office. On 12 June 1975 he was there again, at the Oval Office meeting and at the farewell on the walkway to the delegation’s cars.
The messages between the Prime Minister and the President also passed through him, as a Foreign Ministry file at the State Archives shows (HZ-5977/2). On 10 August 1974 the text of the message Ambassador Keating had delivered to Rabin from the new President, Gerald Ford, went to Washington over his signature, and on 16 August Rabin’s reply went out over his signature.
A day earlier he sent the ambassador in Washington Rabin’s personal letter to Richard NixonPresident of the United States, 1969–1974.What they wanted: Stability in the Middle East and a check on Soviet influence, without a direct clash between the powers.More on Richard Nixon in “People and events” →, who had resigned that month, and suggested that it be delivered to him personally through the Consul-General in Los Angeles. In November, ahead of the Vladivostok summit, he guided a colleague in drafting a further message to Ford: “the message should not be too long” (site translation).
In June 1974, two weeks after Rabin took office, President Nixon came to Israel. Four days before the visit Gazit prepared for Rabin seventeen “Points for the talk with President Nixon”, kept at the State Archives (HZ-5973/11). “It is not enough that only one side wants peace, and it takes two to make peace”, he wrote there.
And on direction: “Israel believes that the next stage of the effort must be towards Egypt, but it should be done with a meticulous examination of all the components” (site translations).Diplomatic recordRabin and Ford at the White House, 10 September 1974Diplomatic recordRabin and Ford, 11 June 1975Diplomatic recordThe original memorandum: Rabin and Ford in the Oval Office, 11 June 1975Diplomatic recordState dinner for Prime Minister Rabin, September 1974 — seating guidancePhoto or filmNaval Photographic Center film cataloguePhoto or filmWhite House photo log, 12 September 1974Photo or filmWhite House photo log, 12 June 1975Diplomatic recordFRUS — Rabin and Kissinger in New York, 15 June 1975Diplomatic recordState Archives — file HZ-5977/2: Mordechai Gazit, the Prime Minister’s messages to the US President (Hebrew)Diplomatic recordState Archives — file HZ-5973/11: Mordechai Gazit, Nixon’s visit, June 1974 (Hebrew)
Explore the documents and connections
Secretary Kissinger: Even three kilometers? How many settlements would you have to move?
Minister Gazit: At least half. About six or seven.
The memorandum labels the speaker “Minister Gazit”, although Gazit was then Director-General of the Prime Minister’s Office. Open the scanned document ↗
Photograph: at work with RabinWhite House photographers’ contact sheets, 1974–1975
Sources and reading notes (10)
The lead source
The original memorandum: Rabin and Ford in the Oval Office, 11 June 1975 ↗Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, National Security Adviser’s Memoranda of Conversation. Scan of the full memorandum (15 pages), including the list of participants and Gazit’s answer on the Golan settlements.
- Diplomatic Records[ISA59772] State Archives — file HZ-5977/2: Mordechai Gazit, the Prime Minister’s messages to the US President (Hebrew) ↗
A Foreign Ministry file, 274 scanned pages, 1973–1975, read in full for this site. It holds messages and letters between Prime Ministers Meir and Rabin and Presidents Nixon and Ford, cables that went out over Gazit’s signature, his signed memorandum on the night of 30–31 May 1974 before the signing with Syria, and his note of 15 November 1974 on a message to President Ford. Letters and cables from May and June 1974 were withdrawn from the file.
- Diplomatic Records[ISA597311] State Archives — file HZ-5973/11: Mordechai Gazit, Nixon’s visit, June 1974 (Hebrew) ↗
A Foreign Ministry file, 114 scanned pages, read in full for this site. Papers for President Nixon’s visit to Israel on 16–17 June 1974: Gazit’s “Points for the talk with President Nixon” of 12 June 1974, his signed digests of the ambassador’s cables of 8 June, the programme and the ceremonial procedures. It holds no minutes of the meetings with the President.
- Diplomatic Records[D4] Rabin and Ford at the White House, 10 September 1974 ↗
FRUS, Volume XXVI, Document 99. Gazit, Director-General of the Prime Minister’s Office, sits beside Rabin at the meeting.
- Diplomatic Records[D5] Rabin and Ford, 11 June 1975 ↗
FRUS, Volume XXVI, Document 183. A working meeting attended by Gazit ahead of further talks on an interim agreement.
- Diplomatic Records[FD1] The original memorandum: Rabin and Ford in the Oval Office, 11 June 1975 ↗
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, National Security Adviser’s Memoranda of Conversation. Scan of the full memorandum (15 pages), including the list of participants and Gazit’s answer on the Golan settlements.
- Diplomatic Records[FD4] State dinner for Prime Minister Rabin, September 1974 — seating guidance ↗
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Guest list and place cards with a pronunciation guide for each guest; for Gazit: gah-ZEET.
- Films and Photographs[FD5] Naval Photographic Center film catalogue ↗
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Reels from 12 June 1975: Rabin’s arrival at the White House and the toasts; Gazit is on the list of those present.
- Diplomatic Records[FR75NY] FRUS — Rabin and Kissinger in New York, 15 June 1975 ↗
FRUS, vol. XXVI, doc. 188. Gazit among the participants, and his question on the timetable for military supply.
- Films and Photographs[FD8] White House photo log, 12 September 1974 ↗
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Gazit is listed on rolls A0722 (27–30), A0723 (6–29, colour), A0724 (3–14, colour) and A0728.
- Films and Photographs[FD9] White House photo log, 12 June 1975 ↗
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Gazit is listed on rolls A5019 (22A–26A), A5025 (4–10) and A5028 (10–12). The photographs are in the public domain.